A flora ilhada por florestas: síntese sobre a diversidade, ecologia e conservação dos inselbergs na Mata Atlântica
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.70525/2025.40Palavras-chave:
Afloramentos rochosos, Diversidade Florística, Gnaisse, Granito, Serviços Ecossistêmicos, Unidades de ConservaçãoResumo
Os inselbergs, afloramentos graníticos e/ou gnáissicos que emergem abruptamente na paisagem, são comuns na Mata Atlântica e particularmente numerosos e diversos no sudeste do Brasil, estendendo-se também até o sul da Bahia. Pela natureza insular e idade geológica, são frequentemente considerados como “ilhas terrestres antigas” inseridas em uma matriz de habitats contrastantes. Suas condições ambientais extremas, como solos rasos ou ausentes, alta exposição solar, déficit hídrico e fortes variações térmicas, selecionam uma flora altamente especializada, com elevado endemismo e ampla heterogeneidade de microhabitats. As plantas exibem estratégias adaptativas como tolerância à dessecação, suculência, metabolismo especializado e órgãos de reserva. Em múltiplas escalas, observa-se alta diversidade local e forte substituição de espécies entre afloramentos, acompanhadas por marcada estruturação genética e convergência funcional/filogenética, conferindo singularidade evolutiva aos inselbergs. Paralelamente, os inselbergs funcionam como refúgios para espécies da matriz florestal, inclusive epífitas, e provêm serviços ecossistêmicos e culturais (provisão de água, estabilização de encostas, identidade paisagística). Apesar de sua relevância biológica e funcional, os inselbergs permanecem sub-representados em Unidades de Conservação e enfrentam ameaças severas, como mineração, expansão urbana, turismo desordenado, incêndios e invasões biológicas. Este trabalho reúne os principais avanços florísticos, taxonômicos e ecológicos desenvolvidos nos inselbergs da Mata Atlântica nas últimas duas décadas, identifica lacunas de conhecimento, discute iniciativas e instrumentos de gestão e propõe agendas integradas para conservar a diversidade geomorfológica, florística, genética e funcional desses “arquipélagos de biodiversidade”.
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